The GLT 121 Lecture Note is a comprehensive and foundational academic resource designed for students in science-related disciplines, particularly those studying Chemistry, Science Laboratory Technology, and related fields. This note provides in-depth coverage of fundamental concepts in solution chemistry, laboratory practices, and analytical techniques.

It begins by introducing the basic principles of solvents, solutes, and solutions, including classifications, interactions, and their roles in chemical reactions. It further elaborates on types of standard solutions, their preparation, and standardization processes essential for accurate volumetric analysis.

Students are guided through various methods of expressing solution concentrations, including molarity, normality, molality, ppm, and percentage concentrations, with step-by-step examples and exercises that reinforce practical understanding.

In addition to theoretical foundations, the lecture note addresses vital laboratory protocols such as storage, dispensation, disposal, and recovery of chemical substances, promoting safety and efficiency in laboratory environments.

An entire unit is devoted to separation techniques, detailing methods like filtration, centrifugation, crystallization, distillation, and solvent extraction — all crucial for sample preparation and purification.

The note concludes with essential practices in sampling techniques and includes hands-on experimental procedures, making it an all-inclusive guide for both theoretical and practical laboratory chemistry.

Overall, this lecture note serves as an indispensable manual for students, educators, and laboratory personnel, offering clarity, structure, and academic rigor in the field of general laboratory techniques.

GLT121  GENERAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES II

STM323	Environment Microbiology

STM321	Mycology

STM312 Microbiological Techniques I

STM311	Bacteriology

STH301	Microbial Biochemistry

Course Title: STP212 Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism Description: This course introduces students to the foundational concepts of thermodynamics and electromagnetism, two critical areas of physics. The thermodynamics portion focuses on the laws governing heat, energy, and work, exploring key principles such as temperature, entropy, enthalpy, and the behavior of gases. Topics such as the Carnot cycle, thermodynamic processes, and the efficiency of heat engines are also covered. In the electromagnetism section, the course examines electric and magnetic fields, exploring concepts such as Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s law, Ampère’s law, and Faraday’s law of induction. Students will gain an understanding of the behavior of electric charges, circuits, electromagnetic waves, and their applications in real-world technologies. Key Topics: Thermodynamic systems and the laws of thermodynamics Energy, work, heat, and entropy Heat engines and refrigerators Properties of gases and phase transitions Electric charge, electric fields, and potential Magnetic fields, electromagnetic induction, and Faraday's law Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic waves Applications in modern technology (e.g., electric circuits, motors, and generators)

STP212 THERMODYNAMICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM

Course Title: STP211 Electronics

Description:
This course provides an introduction to the principles of electronics, emphasizing the theory and practical applications of electronic circuits. It covers essential topics such as semiconductor physics, diode and transistor operation, and the design of analog and digital circuits. Students will explore the behavior of electronic components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and operational amplifiers. The course also introduces digital logic, binary systems, and basic microprocessor architecture. Hands-on laboratory sessions allow students to build and test electronic circuits, reinforcing theoretical concepts.

Key Topics:

Semiconductor materials and physics
Diodes, transistors, and their applications
Analog circuits: Amplifiers, filters, and oscillators
Digital circuits: Logic gates, flip-flops, and counters
Operational amplifiers and applications
Introduction to microprocessors and embedded systems
Circuit analysis techniques (DC/AC circuits, Kirchhoff's laws)

STP211 ELECTRONICS

Description:
This course provides an introduction to the world of microorganisms, focusing on their structure, function, and role in various environments. Students will explore microbial diversity, growth, reproduction, metabolism, and genetics. Emphasis is placed on bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists. The course also examines the interaction between microorganisms and humans, including the roles of pathogens, immunology, and the impact of microbes on health and disease. Laboratory sessions provide hands-on experience in culturing, identifying, and studying microorganisms using modern microbiological techniques.

Key Topics:

Microbial cell structure and function
Microbial metabolism and growth
Bacterial genetics and genetic engineering
Classification and diversity of microorganisms
Pathogens and disease mechanisms
Microbial interactions with humans (immunology and infection)
Applications of microbiology in industry, medicine, and biotechnology

STM211 INTRODUCTORY MICROBIOLOGY

Description: This course provides an in-depth understanding of the principles, techniques, and applications of instrumental methods in analytical chemistry. Students will explore various modern instruments used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical substances, emphasizing accuracy, precision, and quality control. Key instrumental techniques covered include spectrometry, chromatography, electrochemical methods, and thermal analysis. Additionally, the course focuses on the role of quality control in chemical analysis, with topics on method validation, calibration, error analysis, and good laboratory practices (GLP).

Key Topics:

Principles of instrumental analysis
Spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, IR, NMR, Mass spectrometry)
Chromatographic techniques (GC, HPLC)
Electrochemical analysis (potentiometry, voltammetry)
Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC)
Calibration methods and standardization
Quality control in analytical chemistry
Method validation, accuracy, precision, and error analysis
Regulatory standards and good laboratory practices (GLP)

STC212 INSTRUMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND QUALITY CONTROL

Course Title: STC211 Inorganic Chemistry II

Description:
This course delves into advanced concepts of inorganic chemistry, focusing on the chemistry of transition metals, coordination compounds, and organometallics. It also covers key principles of acid-base chemistry, bonding theories, and the reactivity of inorganic compounds. Students will explore the structure and bonding in coordination complexes, crystal field theory, and ligand field theory. The course also includes an introduction to bioinorganic chemistry, catalysis, and industrial applications of inorganic compounds. Laboratory sessions will reinforce theoretical concepts through experiments involving synthesis, characterization, and analysis of inorganic compounds.

STC211 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Course Title: STB212 Pathology

Description:
This course provides a comprehensive introduction to pathology, the study of diseases and their processes. It focuses on the mechanisms underlying disease development, including inflammation, immune responses, cell injury, and repair. Students will explore various categories of diseases such as infectious, genetic, neoplastic (cancerous), degenerative, and autoimmune conditions. The course also covers histopathological techniques used to diagnose diseases, as well as the role of environmental, nutritional, and genetic factors in disease progression. By the end of the course, students will understand the pathological basis of common diseases and their impact on organ

STB212 PATHOLOGY

This course provides an in-depth study of pests, including insects, rodents, and other organisms that affect crops, livestock, human health, and the environment. It covers the biology, life cycle, and ecology of pests, emphasizing the damage they cause and their economic impact. Students will explore various pest control strategies, including cultural, biological, chemical, and integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. The course also addresses pesticide application methods, safety, and regulations, along with emerging alternatives in sustainable pest control.

Key Topics:

Classification and identification of pests
Biology and life cycles of common pests
Economic and environmental impact of pest infestations
Pest control methods: Cultural, biological, and chemical approaches
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Pesticide use, safety, and regulatory issues
Emerging trends in sustainable pest management

STB211 PEST AND PEST CONTROL

Description:
This course provides students with an essential understanding of entrepreneurship, focusing on the principles, processes, and challenges involved in starting and managing a business. It covers the fundamental aspects of entrepreneurship, including opportunity recognition, business idea development, resource mobilization, and the creation of business plans. The course aims to foster an entrepreneurial mindset, equipping students with the skills to innovate, take calculated risks, and respond to business opportunities. Topics such as marketing, financial planning, leadership, and legal considerations for startups are explored, along with case studies of successful entrepreneurs.

Key Topics:

Definition and characteristics of entrepreneurship
Identifying and evaluating business opportunities
Business idea generation and innovation
Creating and presenting a business plan
Sources of finance for startups
Marketing strategies for small businesses
Risk management in entrepreneurship
Legal and regulatory issues in business
Case studies of successful entrepreneurs

BAM126/EED126 INTRODUCTION TO ENTERPRENEURSHIP

This course explores the principles of optics and wave phenomena. It covers the nature, generation, propagation, and interaction of light and sound waves. Students will study key topics such as the wave equation, reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, and polarization in optics. Additionally, the course delves into sound waves, wave superposition, resonance, standing waves, and the Doppler effect. Practical applications in areas like lens systems, fiber optics, acoustics, and wave technologies will be discussed. Laboratory experiments supplement theoretical knowledge by providing hands-on experience in observing wave behavior and optical phenomena.

 STP122 OPTICS & WAVES

STP 121: Electricity and Magnetism is an undergraduate course that introduces students to the fundamental principles and concepts related to electric and magnetic fields. The course covers topics such as electrostatics, electric fields, Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s law, electric potential, capacitors, dielectrics, direct current (DC) circuits, magnetic fields, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law of induction, and electromagnetic waves.

Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how electric charges interact, the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in various media, and the applications of these phenomena in real-world scenarios. Practical problem-solving techniques and experiments are used to reinforce theoretical concepts.

STP 121 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

This course introduces the fundamentals of analytical chemistry, focusing on both classical and modern methods of chemical analysis. Key topics include gravimetric and volumetric analysis, acid-base, redox, and complexometric titrations, as well as an introduction to instrumental techniques like spectrophotometry and chromatography. Students will gain practical skills in data analysis, experiment design, and accurate chemical analysis.

STC123 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I

STC122: Physical Chemistry is an introductory course that explores the principles and theories governing the physical behavior of chemical systems. The course covers topics such as thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum mechanics, and statistical mechanics. Students learn how these concepts apply to molecular structure, reaction rates, and energy changes in chemical reactions. Through a combination of lectures, problem-solving sessions, and laboratory experiments, students develop a fundamental understanding of the physical laws that influence chemical phenomena. This course is essential for building a strong foundation in chemistry and prepares students for more advanced studies in the field.

STC122 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 

This course introduces the fundamental principles of organic chemistry, focusing on the structure, properties, and reactions of organic molecules. Topics include the study of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes), functional groups, stereochemistry, and the mechanisms of organic reactions. Emphasis is placed on understanding molecular bonding, reaction mechanisms, and the role of organic compounds in biological and industrial processes. Laboratory sessions complement the theoretical knowledge by providing hands-on experience in organic synthesis, purification techniques, and qualitative analysis of organic compounds.

Prerequisites: General Chemistry or equivalent.

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

Identify and classify organic compounds based on functional groups.
Predict products of simple organic reactions.
Understand the stereochemical aspects of organic molecules.
Apply organic chemistry principles in solving chemical problems.

STC121 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

STB 121: Cell Biology is a foundational course focused on the study of cells, their structure, function, and processes. It covers the molecular and biochemical aspects of cells, including topics such as:

Cell structure and organelles
Membrane dynamics and transport mechanisms
Cellular respiration and energy production
Cell division, growth, and differentiation
Cell communication and signal transduction pathways
The role of the cell in maintaining homeostasis
Basics of genetics and molecular biology related to cells
This course is essential for understanding the building blocks of life and forms the basis for further studies in biology and related sciences. It emphasizes both theoretical knowledge and practical laboratory skills necessary for exploring the complexities of cellular functions and their implications in health and disease.

STB 121 Cell Biology


STP114 - Electronic Logic is an introductory course that focuses on the fundamental principles of electronic logic systems. It covers the basics of digital electronics, logic gates, Boolean algebra, and the design of combinational and sequential circuits. The course typically includes topics such as:

Binary systems: Understanding number systems, including binary, decimal, hexadecimal, and their conversions.
Logic gates: Basic logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, and XNOR, along with their truth tables and practical applications.
Boolean algebra: Simplifying logical expressions using Boolean laws and theorems to optimize circuits.
Combinational logic: Designing circuits using tools like Karnaugh maps and understanding multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, and decoders.
Sequential logic: Introduction to flip-flops, latches, counters, and shift registers.
Digital design: Basics of creating and simulating digital circuits, using software tools or hardware.
This course is foundational for students pursuing careers in electronics, computer engineering, and related fields, as it provides the skills to understand and design digital systems.

STP114 Electronic logic

STC 327: Environmental Chemistry is a specialized course that explores the chemical processes and principles that affect the environment. The course provides an in-depth understanding of the chemistry of natural and human-made systems, focusing on the environmental impact of various chemical substances. Key topics include the chemical composition of air, water, and soil, the behavior of pollutants, toxicology, and the chemical mechanisms behind environmental phenomena such as ozone depletion, acid rain, and climate change. Through laboratory experiments and case studies, students gain practical skills in environmental monitoring and analysis, contributing to sustainable environmental practices.

STC327 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

STC 424: Food Chemistry and Brewing is an advanced course that delves into the chemical principles underlying food composition, processing, and preservation, with a particular focus on brewing science. The course covers key topics such as the chemistry of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and enzymes as they relate to food products. Students will also explore the chemical reactions that occur during food processing and storage, along with techniques to enhance food quality and safety.

The brewing section of the course highlights the scientific processes involved in brewing beer, including fermentation, ingredient selection, and the chemistry of flavor development. Through practical labs and theoretical studies, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how chemistry influences both food products and the brewing industry.


STC 424 Food Chemistry and Brewing 

Modern Analytical Chemistry is a course designed to provide students with an in-depth understanding of the principles, techniques, and applications of analytical chemistry. It covers both classical methods and contemporary advancements in the field, focusing on qualitative and quantitative analysis. Key topics include spectroscopic methods, chromatography, electrochemical analysis, and advanced data interpretation. Through theoretical learning and practical laboratory sessions, students will develop the skills needed to solve real-world chemical problems, interpret complex data, and apply analytical methods in various fields such as environmental science, pharmaceuticals, and materials science.

Modern Analytical Chemistry

This course explores the chemistry of natural products, including their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activity. It emphasizes stereochemistry, focusing on the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules and how this influences their chemical properties and reactions. Key topics include the classification of natural products, isolation techniques, and modern methods of structure determination. Students will engage in the study of organic compounds derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, with an emphasis on their applications in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other industries. Through laboratory work and theoretical study, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between natural product chemistry and stereochemistry in real-world applications.

STC 423 Natural products and stereochemistry 

This course offers a comprehensive exploration into the classification and naming of living organisms. It covers the principles of taxonomy, focusing on the hierarchical system that groups organisms based on shared characteristics. The course delves into the history of classification, nomenclature rules, and modern approaches, including phylogenetics and molecular taxonomy. Students will learn to identify and categorize various species, understanding their relationships and evolutionary history. The practical aspects of taxonomy, such as using taxonomic keys and databases, are emphasized, providing a foundation for further studies in biology and ecology.

STB 111 TAXONOMY OF LIVING ORGANISM 

STC 412: Physical Chemistry III is an advanced-level course that focuses on the theoretical and practical aspects of physical chemistry. The course covers advanced topics in thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and spectroscopy, with an emphasis on their applications to chemical systems. Students explore the behavior of matter at the molecular and atomic levels, studying concepts like molecular interactions, energy transfer, and reaction dynamics. Laboratory experiments complement the theoretical learning, allowing students to apply physical chemistry principles in real-world scenarios. This course is essential for students pursuing careers in chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science, or related fields.

STC 412 Physical Chemistry 111

GLT301	Laboratory Management

STP112 - Heat Energy explores the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, focusing on the nature, transfer, and application of heat energy. Students will learn about the laws of thermodynamics, various heat transfer mechanisms (conduction, convection, and radiation), and their real-world applications. The course covers topics such as temperature measurement, thermal properties of materials, and energy efficiency. By the end of the course, students will have a thorough understanding of heat energy and its role in various physical and engineering processes.

This course is essential for those pursuing studies in physics, engineering, and environmental sciences, providing a solid foundation in thermal dynamics and energy systems.

STP112 Heat energy

STC112 Inorganic Chemistry is an introductory course focused on the principles and concepts of inorganic chemistry. It covers the study of elements, compounds, and chemical reactions involving inorganic substances. The course emphasizes understanding the periodic table, atomic structure, bonding theories, molecular geometry, coordination chemistry, and the properties and reactivity of metals and non-metals. Practical applications include laboratory techniques for synthesizing and analyzing inorganic compounds.

STC112  Inorganic chemistry

COM301  Advanced Computer Application

This course is intended to equip the student with research techniques (emphasis on survey techniques) and their application in chemistry (e.g. research in chemical
education, marketing research for chemical products, public perception of chemical issues).
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand research and its process
2. Understand scientific approach to research
3. Know how to design research
4. Understand research problem
5. Understand formulation and validation of hypothesis
6. Understand variables in research work
7. Know sample and sampling techniques
8. Know how to review literature
9. Know the tools and techniques of data collection
10. Understand data analysis techniques.
11. Know how to report research findings. 

STC 326 Research methodology 

STC111: General Principles of Chemistry

This course covers foundational concepts in chemistry, introducing students to the principles that govern the composition, structure, and properties of matter. Topics include atomic theory, chemical bonding, stoichiometry, the periodic table, chemical reactions, and states of matter. Students will develop problem-solving skills and a deeper understanding of how chemical principles apply to real-world scenarios. The course lays the groundwork for advanced studies in chemistry and related scientific fields.

STC111 General principle of chemistry

STB 112 - Morphology and Physiology of Living Things is a foundational course in biology that explores the structure (morphology) and function (physiology) of living organisms. This course covers a wide range of topics, including:

Morphology: The study of the form and structure of living organisms. This includes understanding the external and internal features of different organisms, from the cellular level to the whole organism. Topics might include plant and animal anatomy, tissue types, and organ systems.

Physiology: The study of how living organisms function. This includes understanding how the various systems of an organism work together to maintain life, such as respiration, digestion, circulation, and reproduction.

The course typically includes both theoretical and practical components, with laboratory work focused on examining the structure and function of various living organisms, enabling students to understand the relationship between form and function in biology. This knowledge is fundamental for further studies in biology, medicine, and related fields.

STB 112 MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS 

STC 322 Physical Chemistry 11 is an advanced course that delves into the fundamental principles and applications of physical chemistry. This course explores key concepts such as thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum chemistry, and spectroscopy. Students will gain a thorough understanding of the physical properties of matter and the energy changes involved in chemical reactions.

STC 322 Physical Chemistry II

STC 413: Organic and Heterocyclic Chemistry focuses on the structure, properties, synthesis, and reactivity of organic compounds, particularly heterocyclic compounds. The course delves into the chemistry of five- and six-membered heterocycles, their importance in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Students will explore reaction mechanisms, functional group transformations, and the methods used to synthesize various heterocyclic systems. The course emphasizes both theoretical concepts and practical applications, preparing students for advanced studies or careers in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences, and related fields.

STC 413 Organic and Heterocyclic chemistry 

STC 312 Physical Chemistry 1 provides an in-depth exploration of the principles and applications of physical chemistry. This course covers the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and quantum chemistry. Students will study the laws of thermodynamics and their applications to chemical reactions and phase transitions. The course also examines reaction rates, mechanisms, and the theoretical frameworks for understanding chemical kinetics.

Additionally, STC 312 introduces quantum mechanical concepts and their implications for molecular structure and spectroscopy. Emphasis is placed on developing problem-solving skills and applying theoretical principles to practical scenarios. Laboratory sessions complement the theoretical aspects of the course, allowing students to gain hands-on experience with physical chemistry techniques and data analysis.

STC 312 Physical Chemistry 1

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand the principles of analytical separations and their applications
2. Understand the principles of spectrophotometric techniques and their applications 
1. Understand the principle, operation and application of NMR Spectroscopy
2. Understand the principles, operations and applications of mass spectroscopy
3. Understand the principles, operations and applications of X-ray diffraction
4. Understand the principles, operations and applications of surface analysis techniques
5. Understand the basic principles and applications of Biosensors 

Analytical Chemistry

GENERAL OBJECTIVES:

1. Understand the chemistry of dicarbonyl compounds.

2.Understand the chemistry of saturated dicarboxylic acids and their derivatives

3.Understand the chemistry of polyhydric alcohols.

4.Understand the chemistry of some physiological important amino acids.

STC 321 Polyfunctional and Organic chemistry

STC 411 - Inorganic Chemistry II

This course provides an advanced study of inorganic chemistry, with a focus on the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. The curriculum covers the chemistry of transition metals, coordination compounds, organometallic chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry. Students will explore the electronic structure, bonding, and reactivity of inorganic compounds, with particular emphasis on molecular symmetry, spectroscopy, and crystallography. Practical laboratory sessions will complement the theoretical components, allowing students to develop hands-on skills in synthesizing and characterizing inorganic compounds.

This course is designed for students with a foundational understanding of inorganic chemistry who are looking to deepen their knowledge in the field.

STC 411 Inorganic chemistry 11

STC311: Organic Chemistry I
This course is an introduction to the foundational principles of organic chemistry, focusing on the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds. Key topics include bonding theories, stereochemistry, nomenclature, functional groups, and mechanisms of organic reactions such as substitution and elimination. The course also emphasizes the importance of spectroscopy and molecular modeling in understanding organic structures. Through problem-solving and laboratory experiments, students gain practical experience in organic synthesis and reaction analysis, preparing them for advanced study in chemistry or related fields.

STC313 Organic Chemistry I 

GLT 311: Laboratory Management is a course designed to equip students with the essential knowledge and skills needed to effectively manage laboratory operations. The course covers various aspects of laboratory management, including organizational structure, financial planning, quality control, risk management, personnel management, and regulatory compliance. Students will learn how to optimize laboratory workflows, ensure the safety of lab personnel, maintain equipment, and manage laboratory resources efficiently. The course emphasizes practical approaches to solving real-world laboratory management challenges, preparing students for leadership roles in laboratory settings.

GLT 311 Laboratory Management 

STC311, Inorganic Chemistry I, introduces students to the fundamental principles and theories of inorganic chemistry. The course covers topics such as atomic structure, periodicity, chemical bonding, and coordination chemistry. Students will explore the properties and behaviors of elements and compounds, emphasizing transition metals, main group elements, and the basic theories that govern their reactivity. Laboratory work is integrated into the curriculum to provide hands-on experience in synthesizing and analyzing inorganic compounds, reinforcing theoretical concepts.

This course is essential for students pursuing a deeper understanding of chemistry, especially those focused on research and advanced applications in the chemical sciences.

STC311 Inorganic Chemistry I 

STC 421, Medicinal Chemistry, is an advanced course focused on the principles of chemistry as they relate to the design, synthesis, and development of pharmaceutical agents. The course provides an in-depth exploration of the chemical structure of drugs, their mechanism of action, and their interaction with biological systems. Key topics include drug discovery and development, structure-activity relationships (SAR), drug-receptor interactions, and metabolism of pharmaceuticals. Emphasis is placed on understanding how chemical modifications influence the therapeutic and toxicological properties of medicinal compounds. The course integrates theoretical knowledge with practical applications, preparing students for careers in pharmaceutical sciences, research, and drug development.

STC 421 MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY

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